History of Origin of Indonesian Fauna Wealth

History of Origin of Indonesian Fauna Wealth

Partridge
Fauna Indonesia has a high diversity because vast territory and shaped tropical island. High variability is caused by the Wallace Line, divides Indonesia into two areas; zone zoogeography Asia, which is influenced by Asian fauna and zoogeography zone Australasia, influenced by the Australian fauna. Mixing of fauna in Indonesia is also influenced by a diverse ecosystem including: beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangroves, and coral reefs.
Ecological problems that arise in Indonesia is the process of industrialization and high population growth, which causes a priority to preserve the ecosystems. This situation became progressively worse due to illegal logging activities, which cause a reduction in forest area, while other problems, including the high rate of urbanization, air pollution, waste management and sewage treatment systems also play a role in the destruction of forests.

Origin of Indonesian Fauna
The origin of Indonesian fauna is influenced by aspects of geography and geological events in the continent of Asia and Australia. In ancient times, the island of Irian (New Guinea) joined the Australian continent.

Sumatran tiger.
Hughasiusilum
The name of the continent Ausralia 12,000,000 years ago as the foundation for the Australian continent to be formed from rocks that younger age is less than 2 million years.
Australian continents formed a supercontinent called the southern supercontinent Gondwana. This supercontinent began to break up 140 million years ago, and the area of ​​New Guinea, known as Sahul, moving towards the equator.
As a result, animals from New Guinea to the Australian continent and vice versa, causing a wide variety of species that live in various areas of life in the ecosystem. This activity continues the two areas are completely separate.
On the other hand, the influence of the Asian continent as a result of the reforms supercontinent Laurasia, which arose after the breakup of Rodinia around 1 billion years ago. About 200 million years ago, the supercontinent Laurasia completely separate, forming Laurentia, now America and Eurasia.
At that time, some parts of Indonesia has not separated from the Eurasian supercontinent. As a result, the animals are able to move from Eurasia in the Indonesian archipelago, and in different ecosystems, forming new species.
In the 19th century, Alfred Russel Wallace proposed the idea of ​​the Wallace Line, which is an imaginary line that divides the Indonesian archipelago into two regions, zoogeographical regions of Asia and Australasian zoogeographical region or Wallacea. The line drawn through the Malay Archipelago, between Borneo and Kalimantan or Sulawesi or Celebes and between Bali and Lombok.
Although the distance between Bali and Lombok is relatively short, about 35 kilometers, fauna distribution is strongly influenced by this line. For example, a group of birds will not want to cross the open ocean despite the short distance.

Sunda Shelf
The animals in the Sundaland region, which includes Sumatra, Java, Borneo and smaller islands surrounding it, has characteristics that resemble Asian fauna. During the ice age, after Laurasia split, connected to the Asian continent Indonesian archipelago. In addition, the relatively shallow water depths allow the animals to migrate to Sundaland.
Large species such as the tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, elephant, and leopard in this area, although some species are categorized as endangered species. Makassar Strait, the sea between Borneo and Sulawesi, and Lombok Strait, between Bali and Lombok, which is a separation of the Wallace Line, signaling the end of Sundaland area.

Anoa
Mammals
Sundaland has a total of 381 species. Of that number, 173 of which are endemic to this region. Most of these species are endangered. Two species of orangutan, or Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii Borneo Orangutan or Sumatran orangutan, is included in the IUCN red list.
Another well-known mammals, such as the long-nosed monkey or Nasalis larvatus Kalimantan, Sumatra or Dicerorhinus sumatrensis rhinoceros, Rhinoceros and the Javan Rhinoceros or sondaicus, also seriously threatened.

Bird
According to Conservation International, as many as 771 species of birds found in Sundaland. A total of 146 species are endemic to this region. Java and Bali have at least 20 endemic species, including the Bali Starling or Leucopsar Rothschildi and plover Charadrius javanicus of Java or.
Based on data from Burung Indonesia, the number of bird species in Indonesia as many as 1598 species. With this brings Indonesia ranks first as the country with the most bird species in Asia. Since 2007, Indonesia Bird keterancaman regularly monitor the status of endangered birds which are in Indonesia based on data from BirdLife International.
The 2007-2009 decline keterancaman status of birds in a row starting from 119 species in 2007, 118 species in 2008, and 117 species in 2009.

Babirusa
Reptiles and Amphibians
A total of 449 species from 125 genera of reptiles which lived in Sundaland. A total of 249 species and 24 genera are endemic. Three families of reptiles are also endemic in the region, among others, Anomochilidae, Xenophidiidae and Lanthanotidae. Family last represented by the earless monitor or Lanthanotus borneensis, Borneo brown lizard extremely rare and seldom encountered. Approximately 242 species of amphibians in 41 genera live in this area. A total of 172 species, including caecilians and six genera are endemic.

Fish
A total of nearly 200 new species discovered in this area in the last ten years. About 1000 species of fish known to live in rivers, lakes, and marshes in Sundaland. Borneo has about 430 species, and about 164 of them suspected endemic. Sumatra has 270 species, 42 of which are endemic. Golden arowana or Scleropages formosus is an example of a fairly well-known fish in this area.

Wallacea
Wallacea is a biogeographical transition area between Sundaland to the west, and the Australasian region to the east. This area covers approximately 338 494 km ² land area, divided into many small islands. Island of Sulawesi, Maluku Islands, and most of Nusa Tenggara are part of this area. Because of its geography, this area consists of many species of animals endemic and unique species of fauna.

Proboscis
Mammals
Wallacea has some 223 species of native mammals. A total of 126 of which are endemic to this region. A total of 124 species of bats can be found in this area. Sulawesi, the largest island in this region has the most number of mammals. 136 species, 82 species and a quarter of the genera are endemic.

Remarkable species, such as anoa Bubalus depressicornis and pigs or deer or Babyrousa babyrussa live on this island. At least seven species of macaques or Macaca spp, and five species of tarsier or Tarsius spp, are also unique to this area.

Bird
More than 700 species of birds can be found in Wallacea, and more than half are endemic to this region. Among the 258 existing genus, there are 11% of them are endemic to Wallacea region. A total of 16 genera can only be found in Sulawesi subregion.
Sulawesi subregion consists of the main island of Sulawesi, and the small islands around it, including Talaud and Sangihe Islands in the north, Honey Island in the Flores Sea in the south, including Kep. Togian, Kep. Banggai, Kep. Tukangbesi, and Kep. Sula bridging wealth of bird diversity between Sulawesi and Maluku subregion.

A large number of endemic species in the subregion is not only derived from the main island of Sulawesi but also scattered in many small islands around it, such as Serindit Sangihe or Loriculus catamene, Seriwang Sangihe or Eutrichomyias rowleyi, or Banggai Crow Corvus unicolor, Punggok Togian or Ninox Burhani , Gosong sula or Megapodius bernsteinii, Kepudang-sungu or Coracina sula sula, and King-Perling sula or Basilornis galeatus.
While endemic species include Anis Sulawesi Sulawesi island or Cataponera turdoides, or Cyornis sanfordi matinan Flycatcher, Hornbill Aceros cassidix and Sulawesi or Sulawesi Hornbill or Penelopides exarhatus. Many species are only found in this subregion are endangered species globally.

Komodo
Reptiles and Amphibians
With 222 species, of which 99 are endemic, Wallacea has a very diverse type of reptile. Among these are 118 species of lizard which 60 are endemic; 98 species of snakes, 37 species are endemic, five species of turtles, two species are endemic, and one species of crocodile, or Indo-Pacific crocodile Crocodylus porosus.
Three genera endemic snake can be found in this region is, Calamorhabdium, Rabdion, and Cyclotyphlops. Probably one of the most famous reptile in the Wallacea is dragons or Varanus komodoensis, are known to exist only on the island of Komodo, Padar, Rinca, Flores and West Bank.

A total of 58 species of amphibians can be found in Wallacea typical. A total of 32 species are endemic. It describes a combination of frog elements of Indo-Malayan and Australasian enchanting.

Fish
There are about 310 recorded species of fish from the rivers and lakes of Wallacea. A total of 75 species are endemic. Although little is known about fish from the Maluku Islands and the Lesser Sunda Islands, 6 species are known to be endemic.
On the island of Sulawesi, there are 69 known species, 53 of which are endemic. Malili lake in South Sulawesi, with complex depth and swift currents that have at least 15 telmatherinid endemic fish species, two of which represent endemic genera, three endemic Oryzias, two endemic halfbeaks, and seven endemic gobies.

Invertebrates
There are about 82 species of butterflies in the Wallacea region, 44 species are endemic. Some 109 species of beetles are also scattered around the region, 79 of which are endemic.
One species is awesome and probably the largest bee in the world, located in northern pluto Chalicodoma Maluku. Insects are animals females can grow up to 4 cm, build nests communally in termite nests in lowland forest trees.
About 50 endemic mollusks, three endemic species of crab, shrimp and a number of endemic species is also known from Wallacea.

Bird of Paradise
Conservation
Although 45% of Indonesian regions still inhabited and covered with tropical forests, Indonesia's high population growth with industrialization, gradually affecting the existence of fauna in Indonesia.
Plus, the illegal animal trade worsened the condition of Indonesian fauna, including rhinos, orangutans, tigers, and several species of amphibians. Up to 95% of the animals that are sold in the market are taken directly from the wild, rather than conservation, and more than 20% of the animals died during the journey.
In 2003, the World Conservation Union noted 147 species of mammals, 114 birds, 91 fish and 2 invertebrate animals, including the endangered.

That's all.

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